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<title>Gigantopithecus</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Gigantopithecus</i></span>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Gigantopithecus</i><br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Early–Middle Pleistocene</a><br>~</div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Reconstructed <i>Gigantopithecus</i> <a href="Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> at the <a href="Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>, Ohio

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a>

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<td>Infraorder:

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<td><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>

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<td>Tribe:

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<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="Sivapithecini" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivapithecini">Sivapithecini</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>G. blacki</b></i></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Gigantopithecus blacki</i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Von_Koenigswald" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Koenigswald">von Koenigswald</a>, 1935<sup id="cite_ref-Koenigswald1935_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koenigswald1935-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<p><i><b>Gigantopithecus</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>-/</span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling">jy-gan-toh-pih-<span style="font-size:90%">THEE</span>-kəs, -⁠PITH-ih-kəs, jih-</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-title_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-title-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an extinct <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> that lived in southern <a href="China" title="China">China</a> from 2 million to approximately 300,000–200,000 years ago during the <a href="Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early</a> to <a href="Middle_Pleistocene" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>, represented by one species, <i><b>Gigantopithecus blacki</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20240110_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20240110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential identifications have also been made in <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, but most of these were likely misidentified remains of the <a href="Chinese_orangutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese orangutan">Chinese orangutan</a> (<i>Pongo weidenreichi</i>). The first remains of <i>Gigantopithecus</i>, two third <a href="Molar_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar teeth">molar teeth</a>, were identified in a drugstore by anthropologist <a href="Ralph_von_Koenigswald" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph von Koenigswald">Ralph von Koenigswald</a> in 1935, who subsequently <a href="Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> the ape. In 1956, the first mandible and more than 1,000 teeth were found in <a href="Liucheng_County" title="Liucheng County">Liucheng</a>, and numerous more remains have since been found in at least 16 sites. Only teeth and four mandibles are known currently, and other skeletal elements were likely consumed by <a href="Old_World_porcupine" title="Old World porcupine">porcupines</a> before they could fossilise.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gigantopithecus</i> was once argued to be a <a href="Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a>, a member of the <a href="Human" title="Human">human</a> line, but it is now thought to be closely allied with <a href="Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>, classified in the subfamily <a href="Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a>.

</p><p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> has traditionally been restored as a massive, <a href="Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a>-like ape, potentially 200–300 kg (440–660 pounds) when alive, but the paucity of remains make total size estimates highly speculative. The species may have been <a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a>, with males much bigger than females. The incisors are reduced and the canines appear to have functioned like <a href="Cheek_teeth" title="Cheek teeth">cheek teeth</a> (<a href="Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a> and molars). The premolars are high-<a href="Crown_(tooth)" title="Crown (tooth)">crowned</a>, and the fourth premolar is very molar-like. The molars are the largest of any known ape, and have a relatively flat surface. <i>Gigantopithecus</i> had the thickest <a href="Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> by absolute measure of any ape, up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style>6 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch) in some areas, though this is only fairly thick when tooth size is taken into account.

</p><p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> appears to have been a <a href="Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist</a> herbivore of <a href="C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C<sub>3</sub></a> forest plants, with the jaw adapted to grinding, crushing, and cutting through tough, fibrous plants, and the thick enamel functioning to resist foods with abrasive particles such as stems, roots, and <a href="Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> with dirt. Some teeth bear traces of <a href="Fig_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Fig family">fig family</a> fruits, which may have been important dietary components. It primarily lived in subtropical to tropical forest, and went extinct about 300,000 years ago likely because of the retreat of preferred habitat due to climate change, and potentially <a href="Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a> activity. <i>Gigantopithecus</i> has become popular in <a href="Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">cryptozoology</a> circles as the identity of the Tibetan <a href="Yeti" title="Yeti">yeti</a> or the American <a href="Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">bigfoot</a>, apelike creatures in local folklore.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_history">Research history</h3></div>

<p><i>Gigantopithecus blacki</i> was named by anthropologist <a href="Ralph_von_Koenigswald" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph von Koenigswald">Ralph von Koenigswald</a> in 1935 based on two third lower <a href="Molar_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar teeth">molar teeth</a>, which, he noted, were of enormous size (the first was "<i>Ein gewaltig grosser (...) Molar</i>", the second was described as "<i>der enorme Grösse besitzt</i>"), measuring 20 mm × 22 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> by <span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch).<sup id="cite_ref-Koenigswald1935_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koenigswald1935-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific name <i>blacki</i> is in honour of Canadian palaeoanthropologist <a href="Davidson_Black" title="Davidson Black">Davidson Black</a>, who had studied human evolution in China and had died the previous year. Von Koenigswald, working for the <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> Mineralogical Survey on Java, had found the teeth in a drugstore in <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> where they were being sold as "<a href="Dragon_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon bones">dragon bones</a>" to be used in <a href="Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>. By 1939, after purchasing more teeth, he determined they had originated somewhere in <a href="Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> or <a href="Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>. He could not formally describe the <a href="Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> until 1952 due to his <a href="Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> by Japanese forces during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The originally discovered teeth are part of the collection of the <a href="University_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Utrecht">University of Utrecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartwig2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwig2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1955, a survey team that was led by Chinese palaeontologist <a href="Pei_Wenzhong" title="Pei Wenzhong">Pei Wenzhong</a> was tasked by the Chinese <a href="Institute_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology_and_Paleoanthropology" title="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology">Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology</a> (IVPP) with finding the original <i>Gigantopithecus</i> locality. They collected 47 teeth among shipments of "dragon bones" in Guangdong and Guangxi. In 1956, the team discovered the first <i><a href="In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> remains, a third molar and <a href="Premolar" title="Premolar">premolar</a>, in a cave (subsequently named "<i>Gigantopithecus</i> Cave") in Niusui Mountain, Guangxi. Also in 1956, <a href="Liucheng_County" title="Liucheng County">Liucheng</a> farmer Xiuhuai Qin discovered more teeth and the first <a href="Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> on his field. From 1957 to 1963, the IVPP survey team carried out excavations in this area and recovered two more mandibles and more than 1,000 teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartwig2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwig2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coichon1991_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coichon1991-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poirier1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poirier1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, a fourth confirmed mandible was discovered in <a href="Yanliang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanliang">Yanliang</a>, Central China.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indicated by extensive <a href="Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a> gnawing marks, teeth primarily accumulated in caves likely due to <a href="Old_World_porcupine" title="Old World porcupine">porcupine</a> activity. Porcupines gnaw on bones to obtain nutrients necessary for quill growth, and can haul large bones into their underground dens and consume them entirely, except the hard, enamel-capped crowns of teeth. This may explain why teeth are typically found in great quantity, and why remains other than teeth are so rare.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Confirmed <i>Gigantopithecus</i> remains have since been found in 16 different sites across southern China. The northernmost sites are Longgupo and <a href="Longgu_Cave" title="Longgu Cave">Longgu Cave</a>, just south of the <a href="Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, and southernmost on Hainan Island in the <a href="South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. An isolated canine from <a href="Th%E1%BA%A9m_Khuy%C3%AAn_Cave" title="Thẩm Khuyên Cave">Thẩm Khuyên Cave</a>, Vietnam, and a fourth premolar from <a href="Pha_Bong" title="Pha Bong">Pha Bong</a>, Thailand, could possibly be assigned to <i>Gigantopithecus</i>, though these could also represent the extinct orangutan <i><a href="Pongo_weidenreichi" title="Pongo weidenreichi">Pongo weidenreichi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two mandibular fragments each preserving the last two molars from Semono in <a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, Indonesia, described in 2016 could represent <i>Gigantopithecus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sofwan2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sofwan2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest remains date to 2.2 million years ago from Baikong Cave, and the youngest to 295 to 215 thousand years ago from Shuangtan and Gongjishan Caves.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20240110_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20240110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="G._blacki"><i>G. blacki</i></h4></div>

<p>In 1935, von Koenigswald considered <i>Gigantopithecus</i> to be closely allied with the <a href="Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> <i><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i> from India.<sup id="cite_ref-Koenigswald1935_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koenigswald1935-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, South African palaeontologist <a href="Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a> hypothesised that it was closely allied with <i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and the <a href="Last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of humans and other apes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, Jewish German anthropologist <a href="Franz_Weidenreich" title="Franz Weidenreich">Franz Weidenreich</a> described <i>Gigantopithecus</i> as a human ancestor as "<i>Gigantanthropus</i>", believing that the human lineage went through a gigantic phase. He stated that the teeth are more similar to those of modern humans and <i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (at the time "<i>Pithecanthropus</i>" for <a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">early Javan specimens</a>), and envisioned a lineage from <i>Gigantopithecus</i>, to the Javan ape <i><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i> (then considered a human ancestor), to "<i>Pithecanthropus</i>", to "<i><a href="Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Javanthropus</a></i>", and finally <a href="Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australians</a>. This was part of his <a href="Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">multiregional hypothesis</a>, that all modern races and ethnicities evolved independently from a local archaic human species, rather than sharing a more recent and fully modern common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Weidenreich1946_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weidenreich1946-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, von Koenigswald agreed that <i>Gigantopithecus</i> was a <a href="Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a>, but believed it was an offshoot rather than a human ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much debate followed whether <i>Gigantopithecus</i> was a hominin or not for the next three decades until the <a href="Out_of_Africa_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Africa theory">Out of Africa</a> hypothesis overturned the Out of Asia and multiregional hypotheses, firmly placing humanity's origins in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartwig2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwig2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> is now classified in the subfamily <a href="Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a>, closely allied with <i>Sivapithecus</i> and <i>Indopithecus</i>. This would make its closest living relatives the <a href="Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>. However, there are few similar traits (<a href="Synapomorphies" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphies">synapomorphies</a>) linking <i>Gigantopithecus</i> and orangutans due to fragmentary remains, with the main morphological argument being its close affinities to <i>Sivapithecus</i>, which is better established as a pongine based on skull features. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested that <i>Gigantopithecus</i> is most closely allied to the Chinese <i><a href="Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i>, which went extinct 4 million years prior to <i>Gigantopithecus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2019, <a href="Peptide_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptide sequencing">peptide sequencing</a> of <a href="Dentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentine">dentine</a> and <a href="Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> proteins of a <i>Gigantopithecus</i> molar from Chuifeng Cave indicates that <i>Gigantopithecus</i> was indeed closely allied with orangutans, and, assuming the current <a href="Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">mutation rate</a> in orangutans has remained constant, shared a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago in the <a href="Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle</a> to Late Miocene. Their last common ancestor would have been a part of the Miocene <a href="Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">radiation</a> of apes. The same study calculated a divergence time between the Ponginae and African <a href="Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a> about 26–17.7 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Welker2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welker2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> according to Zhang and Harrison, 2017:<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Hominoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoidea">Hominoidea</a> (apes)

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<p><i><a href="Hylobates" title="Hylobates">Hylobates</a></i> (gibbons) <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

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<p><i><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></i>

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<td class="clade-label"><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>

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<p><i><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i>

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<p><i><a href="Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></i><span typeof="mw:File"></span>

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<td class="clade-label"><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a>

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<p><i><a href="Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i> (gorillas) <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

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<td class="clade-label"><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a>

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<p><i><a href="Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i> (chimpanzees) <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

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<p><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> (humans) <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

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<td class="clade-label"><a href="Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a>

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<p><i><b>Gigantopithecus</b></i> <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

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<p><i><a href="Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i>

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<p><i><a href="Ankarapithecus" title="Ankarapithecus">Ankarapithecus</a></i>

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<p><i><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i>

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<p><i><a href="Pongo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongo (genus)">Pongo</a></i> (orangutans) <span typeof="mw:File"></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""G._bilaspurensis"">"<i>G. bilaspurensis</i>"</h4></div>

<p>In 1969, an 8.6 million year old mandible from the <a href="Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> in northern India was classified as "<i>G. bilaspurensis</i>" by palaeontologists <a href="Elwyn_L._Simons" title="Elwyn L. Simons">Elwyn L. Simons</a> and Shiv Raj Kumar Chopra, who believed it was the ancestor of <i>G. blacki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartwig2002_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwig2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bore resemblance to a molar discovered in 1915 in the Pakistani <a href="Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a> then classified as "<i><a href="Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a> giganteus</i>". Von Koenigswald reclassified "<i>D. giganteus</i>" in 1950 into its own genus, <i><a href="Indopithecus" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></i>, but this was changed again in 1979 to "<i>G. giganteus</i>" by American anthropologists Frederick Szalay and Eric Delson<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until <i>Indopithecus</i> was resurrected in 2003 by Australian anthropologist David W. Cameron.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>G. bilaspurensis</i>" is now considered a <a href="Taxonomic_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic synonym">synonym</a> of <i>Indopithecus giganteus</i>, leaving <i>Gigantopithecus</i> <a href="Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> (with only one species), <i>G. blacki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>Total size estimates are highly speculative because only tooth and jaw elements are known. Molar size and total body weight do not always correlate, such as in the case of <a href="Postcanine_megadontia" title="Postcanine megadontia">postcanine megadontia</a> hominins (small-bodied primates exhibiting massive molars and thick enamel).<sup id="cite_ref-Olejniczak2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olejniczak2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, <i>Gigantopithecus</i> is normally reconstructed as the biggest primate ever recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20240110_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20240110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>In 1946, Weidenreich hypothesised that <i>Gigantopithecus</i> was twice the size of male gorillas.<sup id="cite_ref-Weidenreich1946_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weidenreich1946-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1957, Pei estimated a total height of about 3.7 m (12 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1979_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1970, Simons and American palaeontologist Peter Ettel approximated a height of almost 2.7 m (9 feet) and a weight of up to 270 kg (600 pounds), which is about 40% heavier than the average male gorilla.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1979_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1978, David P. Willoughby estimated a height of 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) and a weight of 250 kg (550 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1979, American anthropologist Alfred E. Johnson Jr. used the dimensions of gorillas to estimate a <a href="Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> length of 54.4 cm (1 ft 9 in) and <a href="Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> length of 62.7 cm (2 ft 1 in) for <i>Gigantopithecus</i>, about 20–25% longer than those of gorillas.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1979_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested a body mass of 200–300 kg (440–660 pounds), though conceded that it is impossible to obtain a reliable body mass estimate without more complete remains.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 2019, R. J. Hawley from the <a href="Tate_Geological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Geological Museum">Tate Geological Museum</a> wrote that it is unreasonable to reconstruct <i>Gigantopithecus</i> with bipedal standing height over 230 cm (7 ft 7 in).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>The average maximum length of the upper <a href="Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a> for presumed males and females are 21.1 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch) and 15.4 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch), respectively, and Mandible III (presumed male) is 40% larger than Mandible I (presumed female). These imply <a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, with males being larger than females. Such a high degree of dimorphism is only surpassed by gorillas among modern apes in canine size, and is surpassed by none for mandibular disparity.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth_and_jaws">Teeth and jaws</h3></div>

<p>Like other apes, <i>Gigantopithecus</i> had a <a href="Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">dental formula</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;" title="upper dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">2.1.2.3</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;" title="lower dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">2.1.2.3</span></span></span>, with two <a href="Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each half of the jaw for both jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canines, due to a lack of honing facets (which keep them sharp) and their overall stoutness, have been suggested to have functioned like premolars and molars (cheek teeth). Like other apes with enlarged molars, the incisors of <i>Gigantopithecus</i> are reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ciochon1996_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciochon1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wearing on the tongue-side of the incisors (the lingual face), which can extend as far down as the <a href="Tooth_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth root">tooth root</a>, suggests an <a href="Underbite" class="mw-redirect" title="Underbite">underbite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall mandibular anatomy and tooth wearing suggests a side-to-side movement of the jaw while chewing (lateral excursion).<sup id="cite_ref-Kono2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kono2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incisors and canines have extremely long tooth roots, at least double the length of the <a href="Tooth_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth crown">tooth crown</a> (the visible part of the tooth). These teeth were closely packed together.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the upper jaw, the average size of the 1st premolar (P<sup>3</sup>), 2nd premolar (P<sup>4</sup>), 1st and 2nd molar (which are difficult to distinguish, M<sup>1/2</sup>), and 3rd molar (M<sup>3</sup>) are:<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>P<sup>3</sup> 20.3 mm × 15.2 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> by <span class="frac"><span class="num">19</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> inch) in surface area</li>

<p>In the lower jaw:<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The molars are the biggest of any known ape.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teeth continually evolved to become larger and larger.<sup id="cite_ref-Shao2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shao2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The premolars are high-crowned, and the lower have two tooth roots, whereas the upper have three. The lower molars are low-crowned, long and narrow, and waist at the midline—which is more pronounced in the lower molars—with low-lying and bulbous cusps and rounded-off crests.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The tooth enamel on the molars is in absolute measure the thickest of any known ape, averaging 2.5–2.9 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch) in three different molars, and over 6 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch) on the tongue-side (lingual) cusps of an upper molar.<sup id="cite_ref-Kono2014_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kono2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has attracted comparisons with the extinct <i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i> hominins, which had extremely large molars and thick enamel for their size.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean2003_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kono2014_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kono2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in relation to the tooth's size, enamel thickness for <i>Gigantopithecus</i> overlaps with that of several other living and extinct apes. Like orangutans and potentially all pongines (though unlike African apes) the <i>Gigantopithecus</i> molar had a large and flat (tabular) grinding surface, with an even enamel coating, and short dentine horns (the areas of the dentine layer which project upwards into the top enamel layer).<sup id="cite_ref-Olejniczak2008_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olejniczak2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The molars are the most <a href="Hypsodont" title="Hypsodont">hypsodont</a> (where the enamel extends beyond the gums) of any ape.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2></div>

<p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> is considered to have been a <a href="Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivore</a>. <a href="Isotope_analysis#Carbon-13" title="Isotope analysis">Carbon-13 isotope analysis</a> suggests consumption of <a href="C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C<sub>3</sub></a> plants, such as fruits, leaves, and other forest plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Bocherens2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bocherens2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The robust mandible of <i>Gigantopithecus</i> indicates it was capable of resisting high strains while chewing through tough or hard foods. However, the same mandibular anatomy is typically seen in modern apes which primarily eat soft leaves (<a href="Folivore" title="Folivore">folivores</a>) or seeds (<a href="Granivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivore">granivores</a>). <i>Gigantopithecus</i> teeth have a markedly lower rate of pitting (caused by eating small, hard objects) than orangutans, more similar to the rate seen in <a href="Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, which could indicate a similarly <a href="Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The molar-like premolars, large molars, and long rooted cheeked teeth could point to chewing, crushing, and grinding of bulky and fibrous materials.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ciochon1991_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciochon1991-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thick enamel would suggest a diet of abrasive items, such as dirt particles on food gathered near or on the ground (like <a href="Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kono2014_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kono2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, oxygen isotope analysis suggests <i>Gigantopithecus</i> consumed more low-lying plants such as stems, roots, and grasses than orangutans. <a href="Dental_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental calculus">Dental calculus</a> indicates the consumption of <a href="Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gigantopithecus</i> does not appear to have consumed the commonplace savanna grasses (<a href="C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C<sub>4</sub></a> plants).<sup id="cite_ref-Bocherens2017_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bocherens2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, in 1990, a few opal <a href="Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> adhering to four teeth from <i>Gigantopithecus</i> Cave were identified to have originated from grasses; though, the majority of phytoliths resemble the hairs of <a href="Fig_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Fig family">fig family</a> fruits, which include <a href="Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a>, <a href="Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a> and <a href="Banyan" title="Banyan">banyan</a>. This suggests that fruit was a significant dietary component for at least this population of <i>Gigantopithecus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciochon1991_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciochon1991-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The 400,000–320,000-year-old <a href="Middle_Pleistocene" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> teeth from <a href="Hejiang_County" title="Hejiang County">Hejiang Cave</a> in southeastern China (near the time of extinction) show some differences from <a href="Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> material from other sites, which could potentially indicate that the Hejiang <i>Gigantopithecus</i> were a specialised form adapting to a changing environment with different food resources. The Hejiang teeth display a less level (more crenulated) outer enamel surface due to the presence of secondary crests emanating from the <a href="Cusp_(anatomy)#Paracone" title="Cusp (anatomy)">paracone</a> and <a href="Cusp_(anatomy)#protocone" title="Cusp (anatomy)">protocone</a> on the side of the molar closer to the midline (medially), as well as sharper major crests. That is, the teeth are not as flat.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2014_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZhangKono2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangKono2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1957, based on hoofed animal remains in a cave located in a seemingly inaccessible mountain, Pei had believed that <i>Gigantopithecus</i> was a cave-dwelling predator and carried these animals in.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis is no longer considered viable because its dental anatomy is consistent with herbivory.<sup id="cite_ref-Bocherens2017_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bocherens2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, American palaeoanthropologist <a href="Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim D. White</a> drew similarities between the jaws and dentition of <i>Gigantopithecus</i> and those of the <a href="Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>, and suggested they both occupied the same <a href="Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> as <a href="Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This garnered support from some subsequent researchers, but thicker enamel and <a href="Hypsodont" title="Hypsodont">hypsodonty</a> in <i>Gigantopithecus</i> could suggest different functionality for these teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Kono2014_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kono2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The species' reliance on barks and twigs for nutrition led to its demise.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20240110_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20240110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3></div>

<p>A <i>Gigantopithecus</i> permanent third molar, based on an approximate 600–800 days required for the enamel on the <a href="Cusp_(anatomy)" title="Cusp (anatomy)">cusps</a> to form (which is quite long), was estimated to have taken four years to form, which is within the range (albeit, far upper range) of what is exhibited in humans and chimpanzees. Like many other fossil apes, the rate of enamel formation near the enamel-dentine junction (dentine is the nerve-filled layer beneath the enamel) was estimated to begin at about 4 μm per day; this is seen in only baby teeth for modern apes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean2003_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Protein sequencing of <i>Gigantopithecus</i> enamel identified <a href="Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein" title="Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein">alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein</a> (AHSG), which, in modern apes, is important in bone and dentine mineralisation. Because it was found in enamel, and not dentine, AHSG may have been an additional component in <i>Gigantopithecus</i> which facilitated <a href="Biomineralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomineralisation">biomineralisation</a> of enamel during prolonged <a href="Amelogenesis" title="Amelogenesis">amelogenesis</a> (enamel growth).<sup id="cite_ref-Welker2019_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welker2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathology">Pathology</h3></div>

<p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> molars have a high <a href="Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">cavity</a> rate of 11%, which could mean fruit was commonly included in its diet.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ciochon1991_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciochon1991-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The molars from <i>Gigantopithecus</i> Cave frequently exhibit <a href="Pitting_enamel_hypoplasia" title="Pitting enamel hypoplasia">pitting enamel hypoplasia</a>, where the enamel improperly forms with pits and grooves. This can be caused by malnutrition during growth years, which could point to periodic food shortages, though it can also be induced by other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciochon1991_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciochon1991-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specimen PA1601-1 from Yanliang Cave shows evidence of tooth loss of the right second molar before the eruption of the neighboring third molar (which grew slantedly), which suggests this individual was able to survive for a long time despite impaired chewing abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2014_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div>

<p>The high levels of sexual dimorphism could indicate relatively intense male–male competition, though considering the upper canines only projected slightly farther than the cheek teeth, canine display was probably not very important in agonistic behaviour, unlike modern non-human apes.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoecology">Palaeoecology</h2></div>

<p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> remains are generally found in what were subtropical <a href="Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">evergreen broadleaf forest</a> in South China, except in <a href="Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> which featured a <a href="Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of Early Pleistocene enamel suggests <i>Gigantopithecus</i> inhabited dense, humid, closed-canopy forest. Queque Cave featured a mixed deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by <a href="Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, and <a href="Castanopsis" title="Castanopsis">chinkapin</a>, as well as several low-lying <a href="Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> and <a href="Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangHarrison2017_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangHarrison2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The "<i>Gigantopithecus</i> <a href="Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>", one of the most important mammalian faunal groups of the Early Pleistocene of southern China, includes tropical or subtropical forest species. This group has been subdivided into three stages spanning 2.6–1.8 million years ago, 1.8–1.2 million years ago, and 1.2–0.8 million years ago. The early stage is characterised by more ancient <a href="Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> animals such as the <a href="Gomphothere" title="Gomphothere">gomphotheriid</a> proboscidean (relative of elephants) <i><a href="Sinomastodon" title="Sinomastodon">Sinomastodon</a></i>, the <a href="Chalicothere" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalicothere">chalicothere</a> <i><a href="Hesperotherium" title="Hesperotherium">Hesperotherium</a></i>, the suid <i><a href="Hippopotamodon" title="Hippopotamodon">Hippopotamodon</a></i>, the <a href="Tragulid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragulid">tragulid</a> <i>Dorcabune </i>, and the deer <i><a href="Cervavitus" title="Cervavitus">Cervavitus</a></i>. The middle stage is indicated by the appearance of the panda <i><a href="Ailuropoda_wulingshanensis" title="Ailuropoda wulingshanensis">Ailuropoda wulingshanensis</a></i>, the <a href="Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a> <i><a href="Ussuri_dhole" title="Ussuri dhole">Cuon antiquus</a></i>, and the <a href="Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a> <i>Tapirus sinensis</i>. The late stage features more typical Middle Pleistocene animals such as the panda <i><a href="Ailuropoda_baconi" title="Ailuropoda baconi">Ailuropoda baconi</a></i> and the <a href="Stegodontidae" title="Stegodontidae">stegodontid</a> proboscidean <i><a href="Stegodon" title="Stegodon">Stegodon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other classic animals typically include orangutans, <a href="Macaque" title="Macaque">macaques</a>, <a href="Rhinoceros_(genus)" title="Rhinoceros (genus)">rhinos</a>, the extinct pigs <i>Sus xiaozhu</i> and <i>Sus peii</i>, <a href="Muntjac" title="Muntjac">muntjac</a>, <i><a href="Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i> (a deer), <a href="Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a> (a cow), the <a href="Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovid</a> <i><a href="Megalovis" title="Megalovis">Megalovis</a></i>, and more rarely the large <a href="Saber-toothed_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber-toothed cat">saber-toothed cat</a> <i><a href="Megantereon" title="Megantereon">Megantereon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, American palaeoanthropologist <a href="Russell_Ciochon" title="Russell Ciochon">Russell Ciochon</a> hypothesised an undescribed, chimp-sized ape he identified from a few teeth coexisted with <i>Gigantopithecus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ciochon2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciochon2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in 2019 was identified as the closely related <i><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longgudong Cave may have represented a transitional zone between the <a href="Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palaearctic</a> and <a href="Oriental_realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental realm">Oriental</a> realms, featuring, alongside the typical <i>Gigantopithecus</i> fauna, more <a href="Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal</a> animals such as <a href="Erinaceus" title="Erinaceus">hedgehogs</a>, <a href="Pachycrocuta" title="Pachycrocuta">hyenas</a>, <a href="Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">horses</a>, the bovid <i><a href="Leptobos" title="Leptobos">Leptobos</a></i>, and <a href="Pika" title="Pika">pikas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin2014_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinction">Extinction</h2></div>

<p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> fossil sites range across Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Hubei Provinces, but those post-dating about 400,000 years ago are only known from Guangxi. Its youngest definitive remains in China are roughly 295,000 to 215,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20240110_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20240110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two possible teeth (PIN 5792/439 and PIN 5792/490) have been reported from the <a href="Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> deposit in Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this record has been subsequently suggested to instead represent a <a href="Chinese_orangutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese orangutan">Chinese orangutan</a> (<i>Pongo weidenreichi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinction of <i>Gigantopithecus</i> correlates with a cooling trend marked by intensifying seasonality and <a href="Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> strength in the region, which led to the encroachment of rainforests by open grasslands.<sup id="cite_ref-SunEtAl2019_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunEtAl2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shao2017_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shao2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <i>Gigantopithecus</i> teeth dating to this time show evidence of dietary shifts and chronic nutritional stress, it may have been less successful at adapting to these environmental stressors compared to contemporary great apes — namely <i><a href="Pongo_weidenreichi" title="Pongo weidenreichi">Pongo weidenreichi</a></i> and <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> — which could have led to its extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20240110_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20240110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <i>Gigantopithecus</i> seems to only have been consuming C<sub>3</sub> forest plants, instead of the C<sub>4</sub> savannah plants which were becoming more common during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savannas remained the dominant habitat of Southeast Asia until the Late Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-SunEtAl2019_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunEtAl2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Louys2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louys2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Human activity in southern China is known as early as 800,000 years ago but does not become prevalent until after the extinction of <i>Gigantopithecus</i>, so it is unclear if pressures such as competition over resources or overhunting were factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciochon2009_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciochon2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang et al. in 2024 suggested that there is no evidence of any archaic hominin involvement in the early extinctions of the Pleistocene of southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20240110_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20240110-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</h2></div>

<p><i>Gigantopithecus</i> has been used in <a href="Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">cryptozoology</a> circles as the identity of the Tibetan <a href="Yeti" title="Yeti">yeti</a> or American <a href="Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">bigfoot</a>, apelike monsters in local folklore. This began in 1960 with zoologist Wladimir Tschernezky, briefly describing in the journal <i><a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> a 1951 photograph of alleged yeti tracks taken by Himalayan mountaineers <a href="Michael_Ward_(mountaineer)" title="Michael Ward (mountaineer)">Michael Ward</a> and <a href="Eric_Shipton" title="Eric Shipton">Eric Shipton</a>. Tschernezky concluded that the yeti walked like a human and was similar to <i>Gigantopithecus</i>. Subsequently, the yeti attracted short-lived scientific attention, with several more authors publishing in <i>Nature</i> and <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, but this also incited a popular monster hunting following for both the yeti and the similar American bigfoot which has persisted into the present day. The only scientist who continued trying to prove such monsters exist was anthropologist <a href="Grover_Krantz" title="Grover Krantz">Grover Krantz</a>, who continued pushing for a connection between <i>Gigantopithecus</i> and bigfoot from 1970 to his death in 2002. Among the <a href="Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial names</a> he came up with for bigfoot included "Gigantopithecus canadensis". Scientists and amateur monster hunters both dismissed Krantz's arguments, saying he readily accepted clearly false evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><i><a href="Bunopithecus" title="Bunopithecus">Bunopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pongo_hooijeri" title="Pongo hooijeri">Pongo hooijeri</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-title-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-title_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">giant ape</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; from <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γίγας</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gígas</i></span>), meaning 'giant', and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πίθηκος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">píthekos</i></span>), meaning 'ape'</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZanolliKullmerKelleyBacon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zanolli, Clément; Kullmer, Ottmar; Kelley, Jay; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Demeter, Fabrice; Dumoncel, Jean; Fiorenza, Luca; Grine, Frederick E.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Nguyen, Anh Tuan; Nguyen, Thi Mai Huong (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/72814/1/01-Indonesian_hominid_paleobiodiversity_v2.pdf">"Evidence for increased hominid diversity in the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">755–</span>764. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatEE...3..755Z">2019NatEE...3..755Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0860-z">10.1038/s41559-019-0860-z</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30962558">30962558</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:102353734">102353734</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLopatinMaschenkoDac2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lopatin, A. V.; Maschenko, E. N.; Dac, Le Xuan (2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0012496622010069">"<i>Gigantopithecus blacki</i> (Primates, Ponginae) from the Lang Trang Cave (Northern Vietnam): The Latest <i>Gigantopithecus</i> in the Late Pleistocene?"</a></span>. <i>Doklady Biological Sciences</i>. <b>502</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>10. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0012496622010069">10.1134/S0012496622010069</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-4966">0012-4966</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35298746">35298746</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254413457">254413457</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZhang,_Yingqi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Yingqi (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract2433.shtml">"Review and perspective of the ninety years in quest of <i>Gigantopithecus blacki</i>"</a>. <i>Acta Anthropologica Sinica</i>. <b>43</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1006–</span>1026. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16359%2Fj.1000-3193%2FAAS.2024.0094">10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0094</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoZhang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, L.X.; Zhang, L.Z. (12 February 2013). "New fossil evidence and diet analysis of <i>Gigantopithecus blacki</i> and its distribution and extinction in South China". <i>Quaternary International</i>. <b>286</b>: <span class="nowrap">69–</span>74. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.286...69Z">2013QuInt.286...69Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.12.016">10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.016</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRegal2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Brian_Regal" title="Brian Regal">Regal, B.</a> (2008). "Amateur versus professional: the search for Bigfoot". <i>Endeavour</i>. <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>57. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2008.04.005">10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.04.005</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18514914">18514914</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>

<li>Order: <a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†&quot;Omomyidae&quot;257" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Altanius" title="Altanius">Altanius</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Bownomomys" title="Bownomomys">Bownomomys</a></i></li>

<li><i>Kohatius</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microchoerinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Indusomys</i></li>

<li><i>Melaneremia</i></li>

<li><i>Microchoerus</i></li>

<li><i>Nannopithex</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Necrolemur" title="Necrolemur">Necrolemur</a></i></li>

<li><i>Paraloris</i></li>

<li><i>Pseudoloris</i></li>

<li><i>Quercyloris</i></li>

<li><i>Vectipithex</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="Anaptomorphinae" title="Anaptomorphinae">Anaptomorphinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Absarokius</i></li>

<li><i>Anaptomorphus</i></li>

<li><i>Anemorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Arapahovius</i></li>

<li><i>Aycrossia</i></li>

<li><i>Chlororhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Gazinius</i></li>

<li><i>Pseudotetonius</i></li>

<li><i>Sphacorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Strigorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Tatmanius</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Teilhardina" title="Teilhardina">Teilhardina</a></i></li>

<li><i>Tetonius</i></li>

<li><i>Tetonoides</i></li>

<li><i>Trogolemur</i></li>

<li><i>Walshina</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Omomyinae"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Ageitodendron</i></li>

<li><i>Asiomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Brontomomys</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chipetaia" title="Chipetaia">Chipetaia</a></i></li>

<li><i>Chumashius</i></li>

<li><i>Diablomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Dyseolemur</i></li>

<li><i>Ekwiiyemakius</i></li>

<li><i>Gunnelltarsius</i></li>

<li><i>Hemiacodon</i></li>

<li><i>Jemezius</i></li>

<li><i>Loveina</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Macrotarsius" title="Macrotarsius">Macrotarsius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nesomomys" title="Nesomomys">Nesomomys</a></i></li>

<li><i>Omomys</i></li>

<li><i>Ourayia</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rooneyia" title="Rooneyia">Rooneyia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shoshonius" title="Shoshonius">Shoshonius</a></i></li>

<li><i>Steinius</i></li>

<li><i>Stockia</i></li>

<li><i>Uintanius</i></li>

<li><i>Utahia</i></li>

<li><i>Washakius</i></li>

<li><i>Wyomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Yaquius</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tarkadectinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Tarka</i></li>

<li><i>Tarkadectes</i></li>

<li><i>Tarkops</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsiiformes" title="Tarsiiformes">Tarsiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Archicebus" title="Archicebus">Archicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a></b>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</b>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsier" title="Tarsier">Tarsiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Philippine_tarsier" title="Philippine tarsier">Carlito</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Horsfield's_tarsier" title="Horsfield's tarsier">Cephalopachus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Hesperotarsius</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Oligotarsius</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tarsius" title="Tarsius">Tarsius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Xanthorhysis</i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Simiiformes181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simiiformes108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Amamria" title="Amamria">Amamria</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Aseanpithecus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nosmips" title="Nosmips">Nosmips</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Phileosimias" title="Phileosimias">Phileosimias</a></i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Afrasia_djijidae" title="Afrasia djijidae">Afrasia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Afrotarsius" title="Afrotarsius">Afrotarsius</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Eosimiidae" title="Eosimiidae">Eosimiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Bahinia</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eosimias" title="Eosimias">Eosimias</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Phenacopithecus" title="Phenacopithecus">Phenacopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Amphipithecidae" title="Amphipithecidae">Amphipithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Amphipithecus" title="Amphipithecus">Amphipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Bugtipithecus</i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Ganlea" title="Ganlea">Ganlea</a></i></li>

<li><i>Krabia</i></li>

<li><i>Myanmarpithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Pondaungia</i></li>

<li><i>Siamopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Parapithecoidea" title="Parapithecoidea">Parapithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Arsinoea" title="Arsinoea">Arsinoea</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Biretia" title="Biretia">Biretia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proteopithecidae" title="Proteopithecidae">Proteopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Proteopithecus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Serapia_eocaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapia eocaena">Serapia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parapithecidae" title="Parapithecidae">Parapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Abuqatrania</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apidium" title="Apidium">Apidium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Parapithecus" title="Parapithecus">Parapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Qatrania" title="Qatrania">Qatrania</a></i></li>

<li><i>Ucayalipithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">Platyrrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Parvimico</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Perupithecus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Szalatavus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Canaanimico" title="Canaanimico">Canaanimico</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Branisella" title="Branisella">Branisella</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Lagonimico" title="Lagonimico">Lagonimico</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotidae">Aotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">Aotus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Tremacebus" title="Tremacebus">Tremacebus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pitheciidae" title="Pitheciidae">Pitheciidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Hispaniola_monkey" title="Hispaniola monkey">Antillothrix</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Uakari" title="Uakari">Cacajao</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Callicebus" title="Callicebus">Callicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Carlocebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cebupithecia" title="Cebupithecia">Cebupithecia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cheracebus" title="Cheracebus">Cheracebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Bearded_saki" title="Bearded saki">Chiropotes</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Homunculus_patagonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homunculus patagonicus">Homunculus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Insulacebus" title="Insulacebus">Insulacebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Mazzonicebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Miocallicebus" title="Miocallicebus">Miocallicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nuciruptor" title="Nuciruptor">Nuciruptor</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Saki_monkey" title="Saki monkey">Pithecia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Plecturocebus" title="Plecturocebus">Plecturocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Proteropithecia</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Soriacebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Jamaican_monkey" title="Jamaican monkey">Xenothrix</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">Alouatta</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Caipora_bambuiorum" title="Caipora bambuiorum">Caipora</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cartelles" title="Cartelles">Cartelles</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Chilecebus" title="Chilecebus">Chilecebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Mohanamico" title="Mohanamico">Mohanamico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Oreonax</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paralouatta" title="Paralouatta">Paralouatta</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Protopithecus" title="Protopithecus">Protopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Solimoea" title="Solimoea">Solimoea</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Stirtonia_(mammal)" title="Stirtonia (mammal)">Stirtonia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Acrecebus" title="Acrecebus">Acrecebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Gracile_capuchin_monkey" title="Gracile capuchin monkey">Cebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dolichocebus" title="Dolichocebus">Dolichocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Killikaike" class="mw-redirect" title="Killikaike">Killikaike</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Panamacebus" title="Panamacebus">Panamacebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Patasola_magdalenae" title="Patasola magdalenae">Patasola</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Squirrel_monkey" title="Squirrel monkey">Saimiri</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Robust_capuchin_monkey" title="Robust capuchin monkey">Sapajus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Goeldi's_marmoset" title="Goeldi's marmoset">Callimico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Callithrix" title="Callithrix">Callithrix</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pygmy_marmoset" title="Pygmy marmoset">Cebuella</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Saddle-back_tamarin" title="Saddle-back tamarin">Leontocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lion_tamarin" title="Lion tamarin">Leontopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Micodon" title="Micodon">Micodon</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tamarin" title="Tamarin">Saguinus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Catarrhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini100" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Oligopithecidae" title="Oligopithecidae">Oligopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Catopithecus" title="Catopithecus">Catopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oligopithecus" title="Oligopithecus">Oligopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Talahpithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Propliopithecoidea" title="Propliopithecoidea">Propliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Aegyptopithecus" title="Aegyptopithecus">Aegyptopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Propliopithecus" title="Propliopithecus">Propliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Pliopithecoidea" title="Pliopithecoidea">Pliopithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Krishnapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Paidopithex</i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pliopithecidae" title="Pliopithecidae">Pliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Epipliopithecus" title="Epipliopithecus">Epipliopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pliopithecus" title="Pliopithecus">Pliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dionysopithecidae" title="Dionysopithecidae">Dionysopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Dionysopithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Platodontopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crouzeliinae" title="Crouzeliinae">Crouzeliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anapithecus" title="Anapithecus">Anapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Barberapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Crouzelia</i></li>

<li><i>Egarapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Fanchangia</i></li>

<li><i>Laccopithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Plesiopliopithecus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pliobates" title="Pliobates">Pliobates</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Alophe" title="Alophe">Alophe</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Victoriapithecidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Noropithecus" title="Noropithecus">Noropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nsungwepithecus" title="Nsungwepithecus">Nsungwepithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i>Prohylobates</i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Victoriapithecus" title="Victoriapithecus">Victoriapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Zaltanpithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cercopithecoides" title="Cercopithecoides">Cercopithecoides</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Colobus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dolichopithecus" title="Dolichopithecus">Dolichopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Kuseracolobus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Libypithecus" title="Libypithecus">Libypithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Mesopithecus" title="Mesopithecus">Mesopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Microcolobus" title="Microcolobus">Microcolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Nasalis</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paracolobus" title="Paracolobus">Paracolobus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Parapresbytis" title="Parapresbytis">Parapresbytis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">Piliocolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Presbytis" title="Presbytis">Presbytis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Procolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Douc" title="Douc">Pygathrix</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Rhinocolobus" title="Rhinocolobus">Rhinocolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">Rhinopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sawecolobus" title="Sawecolobus">Sawecolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Semnopithecus" title="Semnopithecus">Semnopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Simias</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecinae" title="Cercopithecinae">Cercopithecinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecini" title="Cercopithecini">Cercopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Allen's_swamp_monkey" title="Allen's swamp monkey">Allenopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Allochrocebus" title="Allochrocebus">Allochrocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Guenon" title="Guenon">Cercopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chlorocebus" title="Chlorocebus">Chlorocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Erythrocebus" title="Erythrocebus">Erythrocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Talapoin" title="Talapoin">Miopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Nanopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papionini" title="Papionini">Papionini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="White-eyelid_mangabey" title="White-eyelid mangabey">Cercocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dinopithecus" title="Dinopithecus">Dinopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Gorgopithecus" title="Gorgopithecus">Gorgopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Crested_mangabey" title="Crested mangabey">Lophocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Macaque" title="Macaque">Macaca</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mandrillus" title="Mandrillus">Mandrillus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Baboon" title="Baboon">Papio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paradolichopithecus" title="Paradolichopithecus">Paradolichopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Parapapio" title="Parapapio">Parapapio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Pliopapio" title="Pliopapio">Pliopapio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Procercocebus" title="Procercocebus">Procercocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Procynocephalus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kipunji" title="Kipunji">Rungwecebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Soromandrillus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Theropithecus" title="Theropithecus">Theropithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hominoidea181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea104" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Afropithecus" title="Afropithecus">Afropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ekembo" title="Ekembo">Ekembo</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Equatorius" title="Equatorius">Equatorius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Griphopithecus" title="Griphopithecus">Griphopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kamoyapithecus" title="Kamoyapithecus">Kamoyapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kenyapithecus" title="Kenyapithecus">Kenyapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Morotopithecus" title="Morotopithecus">Morotopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nacholapithecus" title="Nacholapithecus">Nacholapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Otavipithecus" title="Otavipithecus">Otavipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Proconsul_(mammal)" title="Proconsul (mammal)">Proconsul</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dendropithecidae" title="Dendropithecidae">Dendropithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Dendropithecus" title="Dendropithecus">Dendropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Nyanzapithecus" title="Nyanzapithecus">Nyanzapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Rangwapithecus" title="Rangwapithecus">Rangwapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rukwapithecus" title="Rukwapithecus">Rukwapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Simiolus" title="Simiolus">Simiolus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Turkanapithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Hylobatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Bunopithecus" title="Bunopithecus">Bunopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">Hoolock</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hylobates" title="Hylobates">Hylobates</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Junzi_imperialis" title="Junzi imperialis">Junzi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nomascus" title="Nomascus">Nomascus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Siamang" title="Siamang">Symphalangus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Yuanmoupithecus" title="Yuanmoupithecus">Yuanmoupithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Buronius" title="Buronius">Buronius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ankarapithecus" title="Ankarapithecus">Ankarapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Indopithecus" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dryopithecini" title="Dryopithecini">Dryopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anoiapithecus" title="Anoiapithecus">Anoiapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Danuvius_guggenmosi" title="Danuvius guggenmosi">Danuvius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hispanopithecus" title="Hispanopithecus">Hispanopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Pierolapithecus" title="Pierolapithecus">Pierolapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Rudapithecus" title="Rudapithecus">Rudapithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1346" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gigantopithecus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310434" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q310434">Q310434</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gigantopithecus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/470613">470613</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1066203">1066203</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40894">40894</a></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4268731-7">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/9dd917c7-79a2-48df-a1b2-d18010825592">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Gigantopithecus&oldid=1301863850">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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